Handbook of Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence

Dr. Wei Xu is Chief Scientist at HCAI Labs, California, USA, and an adjunct Professor in Human Factors/Human-Computer Interaction (HCI). He previously worked as a Senior Research Scientist and served as Principal Engineer in Human Factors/HCI at Intel (USA), where he also chaired the IT HCI Technical Committee, and as Senior Research Scientist at Boeing (USA). He was formerly an Assistant Professor in academia, where he focused on teaching and researching human factors and HCI. Dr. Xu earned his Ph.D. in Human Factors/HCI and M.S. in Computer Science, both from Miami University, USA, in 1997.An internationally recognized expert in human factors and HCI, Dr. Xu is an elected Fellow of the International Ergonomics Association (IEA), the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society (HFES), and the International Association for Psychological Science (APS). He serves as Senior Editor of IEEE Transactions on Technology and Society, Associate Editor of IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems. He also sits on the editorial boards of the International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science, and the Journal of Applied Psychology. He is a member of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Technical Committee on Human-System Interaction (TC159/SC4) and its Standards Drafting Working Group (TC159/SC4/WG6).

With over 35 years of experience spanning academia and leading roles at global IT and aviation companies, Dr. Xu has contributed extensively to research, design, development, and standards in human factors and HCI. His work has received numerous research and design awards and is in use across multiple aircraft models and computing systems. He has co-drafted over 20 human factors/HCI design standards for ISO, ANSI, Boeing, and Intel, and authored four books—Engineering Psychology, User Experience: Theory and Practice, Human-AI Interaction: Multidisciplinary Collaboration for Enabling Human-Centered AI, and Human-Centered AI: Advancing Research and Applications in Human-AI Interaction. His papers have been published in core journals of human factors, HCI, psychology, aviation, computer science, and AI.

Since 2018, Dr. Xu has focused on the emerging field of Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence (HCAI). As one of its pioneers, he proposed the early “technology–human factors-ethics (THE) triangle” HCAI framework (2019). He co-authored the influential paper titled “Six Human-Centered AI Grand Challenges” (2022) with Professors Ben Shneiderman, Gavriel Salvendy, and 24 other scholars. In recent years, he has introduced multiple frameworks in the HCAI field, including Human-AI Joint Cognitive Systems (2021), Human-AI Joint Cognitive Ecosystems (2022), Intelligent Sociotechnical Systems (iSTS) (2022), the HCAI Methodological Framework (HCAI-MF) (2024), the Hierarchical HCAI (hHCAI) approach (2024), the “User Experience 3.0” paradigm framework for HCAI (2024), the HCAI Maturity Model (HCAI-MM) (2025), the human-centered human-AI collaboration (HC-HAC) framework (2025), the human-centered human-AI interaction (HC-HAII) approach (2025), the human-centered privacy (HCP) approach to AI (2025), and the human-centered artificial social intelligence (HC-ASI) framework (2025).Dr. Xu has played a key role in the development of several ISO human factors/HCI design standards, including two ISO standards for AI systems: Ergonomics Issues of Robotic, Intelligent, and Autonomous Systems (ISO 9241-810) (2020) and Ergonomics of Human-Intelligent Systems Interaction (ISO 9241-812) (2024).